Research Methods:

Research Methods:

• Informal observations:Questions in the classroom or office hours show where students have difficulties.
• Open-ended questioning:Individual interviews allow deeper probing of student understanding.
• Closed-ended questioning:Written tests give better understanding of statistical distribution of difficulties:
  • Pretests
  • Exam questions
  • Specially designed diagnostic tests

Student Difficulties with Wave Propagation andWave Superposition

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